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Molar Pregnancy Termination

A molar pregnancy cannot sustain itself and should be removed at the earliest. This is so as the embryo does not develop into a child in this type of pregnancy. In fact, the fetus and placenta quickly grow in the form of a benign or non-cancerous tumor. If the condition is left untreated, it may lead to severe risks to the health of the mother and may even turn into a rare type of cancer, and may cause severe bleeding that may cause death.

Types:
There are two types of molar pregnancies, which are:

  1. Complete molar pregnancy: In this type of pregnancy, the placental tissue is swollen and abnormal and it appears to create fluid-filled cysts. There is no formation of fetal tissue.
  2. Partial molar pregnancy: In this type of pregnancy, there could be normal placental tissue along with abnormally forming placental tissue. There could also be the formation of a fetus, but the fetus is unable to survive and is usually miscarried early in the pregnancy.

Causes:
A molar pregnancy could develop due to the following reasons:

  • Abnormally fertilized egg or fertilization of an empty egg
  • Double fertilization of the female egg (fertilization of an ovum or egg by two sperms instead of one, leading to the formation of 69 chromosomes in the embryo instead of the normal 46)
  • A genetic tendency of the male sperm to grow abnormally rapidly than normal, which may turn into a benign tumor instead of a viable pregnancy 

Risk factors:
The following factors could increase the risk of developing a molar pregnancy:

  • Age of mother less than 20 years or more than 40 years
  • Women of Asian race
  • Family history
  • History of molar pregnancy
  • Deficiency of folate, beta-carotene, or protein in the diet
  • Sepsis (infection) of the blood or the uterus (womb)
  • Preeclampsia (extremely high blood pressure)
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Symptoms

The following symptoms may be noticed in a woman having a molar pregnancy:

  • Severe nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Bright red to dark brown bleeding from the vagina during the first trimester
  • Pelvic pain
  • Pelvic pressure
  • Vaginal passage of grape-like cysts
  • High blood pressure
  • Rapid growth of the uterus
  • Anemia
  • Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
  • Presence of ovarian cysts
  • Preeclampsia (a condition that leads to high blood pressure and protein in the urine after about 20 weeks of pregnancy)

 

Diagnosis

  1. Physical examination: The doctor will evaluate the physical health of the pregnant woman. The medical history, family history, and symptoms of the woman are noted.
  2. Blood tests: These tests are performed to measure the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels in the blood. Conditions like hyperthyroidism and anemia can also be diagnosed through blood tests.
  3. Transvaginal ultrasound: A transvaginal ultrasound is done by inserting the sound wave device through the transvaginal cavity. An ultrasound for a complete molar pregnancy, which could be detected as early as eight or nine weeks of pregnancy, could show no fetus or embryo, no amniotic fluid, ovarian cysts, and a thick cystic placenta that nearly fills the uterus. An ultrasound for a partial molar pregnancy may show a fetus that is too small for its gestational age, low amniotic fluid, and a placenta that appears abnormal.
  4. CT scans and MRI scans: These are imaging tests that can help in confirming the diagnosis of a molar pregnancy.

 

Treatment

A molar pregnancy cannot be continued as a viable pregnancy. The abnormal placenta tissue must be removed to prevent complications. This may be done in the following ways:
Medical termination:
It is not preferred to terminate a molar pregnancy through medicines due to the longer time taken, a need for continuous monitoring, and the requirement for regular follow-ups. 
However, if a molar pregnancy has been detected early and the patient favors medicinal treatment, medical termination may be performed.
A medicine known as methotrexate is given in the form of an injection as a single dose.
The HCG levels are monitored before and after the procedure. If the levels fail to decrease after the first dose, a second dose may be required. 
An ultrasound is performed to confirm the termination of the pregnancy.

Surgical treatments:
A: Dilation and curettage (D & C):

  • The procedure is done under local anesthesia (the area of treatment is numbed) or general anesthesia (the patient is put to sleep during the procedure).
  • You will be positioned on your back with your legs in the stirrups.
  • The doctor will insert a speculum into the vagina to see your cervix (lower end of the uterus).
  • The cervix will then be dilated and the uterine tissue is removed using a vacuum device.

B. Hysterectomy:

  • If there is an increased risk of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) (tumor formation) and the patient does not desire any future pregnancies, the uterus may be removed.
  • This procedure is known as hysterectomy.
  • This procedure is generally performed under general anesthesia.
  • Following the removal of the molar tissue, the HCG levels will be continuously monitored for up to six to twelve months till they return to their normal levels. If HCG is detected in the blood, the patient may require additional treatment.

Risks

The complications following a molar pregnancy termination may include the following:

  • Bleeding
  • Infection
  • Blood clot formation
  • Allergic reaction to the anesthesia used
  • Persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which can be treated using chemotherapy drugs (drugs used for cancer treatment) or hysterectomy 
  • Choriocarcinoma (a cancerous form of GTN that spreads to the other organs)
  • Death due to excessive bleeding (rare)

After Procedure

  • You may feel slightly numb and confused once you wake up from the effect of the anesthesia.
  • You may have some discomfort or pain near the surgical area. Painkillers may be recommended to ease your discomfort.
  • If your hemoglobin levels are less than normal, a blood transfusion may be needed.
  • In most cases, you will be discharged on the same day or the next day after surgery.
  • It is normal to have some vaginal bleeding for up to six weeks after surgery.
  • It may take several weeks before you recover completely and your menstrual cycle returns back to normal.
  • You can resume having sex about two weeks after the surgery, however, you should use contraceptive methods while having sex.
  • You should wait for at least six to twelve months before planning another pregnancy.

Cost of Molar Pregnancy Treatment in India-

The cost of molar pregnancy termination using medications is approximately INR 2,000 to INR 3,000.
The cost of a surgical procedure performed to treat molar pregnancy in Mumbai is between INR 25,000 to INR 40,000.
The cost of a surgical procedure performed to treat molar pregnancy in Delhi is between INR 22,000 to INR 38,000.
The cost of a surgical procedure performed to treat molar pregnancy in Bangalore is between INR 22,000 to INR 38,000.
The cost of a surgical procedure performed to treat molar pregnancy in Chennai is between INR 20,000 to INR 35,000.

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