Risk factors:
The following may have an increased risk of developing diabetic retinopathy:

1. Long-term diabetes
2. Poorly controlled blood sugar levels
3. High cholesterol
4. High blood pressure
5. Pregnancy
6. Use of tobacco
7. Black, Native American, or Hispanic race

Symptoms:
The symptoms associated with the later stages of diabetic retinopathy include:

1. Floaters (spots or dark strings that float in the patient’s vision)
2. Fluctuating vision 
3. Blurred vision
4. Empty or dark areas in your vision
5. Loss of vision

1. Visual acuity: This test can gauge how clearly a patient can see.
2. Intraocular pressure test: This test is done to rule out glaucoma (optic nerve damage due to disorders of the eye).
3. Eye muscle function test: This test helps the doctor in checking how well a patient can move his or her eyes.
4. Peripheral vision test: This test is done to check how well a patient can see from the sides of his or her eyes.
5. Pupil response: This test is done to assess how the pupils react to light.
6. Comprehensive dilated eye exam: The doctor will put some drops in the eyes to widen or dilate the pupils and allow the doctor to obtain a better view inside the eyes. These drops may lead to blurred vision for a couple of hours. The doctor will look for abnormalities in the inside and outside parts of the eyes.
7. Fluorescein angiography: Once the eyes are dilated using eye drops, a dye will be injected into a vein in the arm. Certain pictures are taken as the due circulates through the blood vessels of the eyes. These images help in pinpointing the blood vessels that are broken, closed, or leaking.
8. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): This test helps in obtaining cross-sectional images of the retina to check the thickness of the retina. This test helps in determining how much fluid has leaked into the retinal tissue. Later, this test helps in monitoring how well the treatment is working.

The type of treatment performed for a patient will depend on many factors like age, medical history, extent of retinal damage, visual acuity, and HbA1C levels of the patient. The early stages of diabetic retinopathy will not need any treatment, but regular eye exams are needed every two to four months.
In the later stages of diabetic retinopathy, the following different types of treatments may be needed:

1. Injections: Certain medicines, like anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs or corticosteroids, may be injected into the eye. These medicines help in slowing down the progression of the disease and improve vision.
2. Photocoagulation or focal laser treatment: A laser is used to slow or stop blood leakage and fluid leakage in the eye. The leaks from the abnormal blood vessels are treated with laser burns.
3. Panretinal photocoagulation: Also known as scatter laser treatment, this procedure enables shrinking of abnormal blood vessels and the formation of scars. 
4. Vitrectomy: This is a form of eye surgery performed if a patient has cloudy vision due to the leakage of the blood vessels. The doctor makes a small incision or cut in the eye to repair the blood vessels and remove the scar tissue.

The complications associated with untreated diabetic retinopathy include:

1. Vitreous hemorrhage (leakage of blood into the clear, jelly-like substance present in the center of the eye)
2. Glaucoma (a group of eye disorders that damage the optic nerve)
3. Retinal detachment (pulling away of the tissue lining the back of the eye from the tissues supporting it)
4. Macular edema (when the fluid swells the macula, which is present at the center of the vision and is responsible for visual sharpness)
5. Blindness

The complications associated with the treatment of diabetic retinopathy are:

1. Blurred vision
2. Eye irritation 
3. Discomfort
4. Increased sensitivity to light
5. Reduced night or peripheral vision
6. Bleeding into the eye
7. Objects floating in the vision (floaters)
8. Small, permanent, blind spot near the center of the vision
9. Dry or watery, itchy eyes
10. Headaches
11. Increased eye pressure
12. Cataracts
13. Retinal detachment
14. Eye infection
15. Fluid buildup in the cornea (the outer layer at the front of the eye)

• Most patients go home on the same day after treatment. In case of eye surgery, the patient may go home on the same day or the next day after surgery.
• You may need to wear an eye patch for the first few days following eye surgery.
• It is normal to have blurred vision for a few days after surgery, which will gradually disappear. It may however take several months before the vision completely returns to normal.
• Follow your doctor’s instructions on which activities to avoid during the recovery period.
• Have regular follow-up appointments with your doctor and go for regular eye check-ups after treatment.

Home remedies:

Some of the following home remedies can be useful in treating diabetic retinopathy:

1. Take amla juice daily in the morning on an empty stomach.
2. Bottle gourd juice can be consumed daily in the morning on an empty stomach.
3. Apply sandalwood paste on closed eyelids to get relief from pain and inflammation.
4. Fenugreek seeds have medicinal qualities and can be effective in treating diabetic retinopathy.

Prevention:

The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy can be reduced in the following ways:

1. Manage your blood sugar levels
2. Monitor your sugar levels many times a day
3. Take the glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1C) test and try to maintain the three-month average of A1C under 7%
4. Keep your cholesterol and blood pressure levels under control
5. Quit smoking
6. Contact your ophthalmologist immediately if your vision changes or becomes hazy or blurred

Cost of Diabetic Retinopathy in India- 

The cost of diabetic retinopathy treatment in Mumbai is between INR 25,000 to INR 90,000.
The cost of diabetic retinopathy treatment in Delhi is between INR 23,000 to INR 85,000.
The cost of diabetic retinopathy treatment in Bangalore is between INR 23,000 to INR 85,000.
The cost of diabetic retinopathy treatment in Chennai is between INR 22,000 to INR 80,00