Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a small, walnut-shaped gland in men. It produces the seminal fluid that helps in the transportation and nourishment of the sperm, which helps in conceiving and pregnancy.
Types: The different types of prostate cancers depending on the type of cells affected, include-
1. Adenocarcinomas: Almost all types of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. They are generally cancerous (malignant) in nature and start in the cells of the glands that make secretions.
2. Small cell carcinomas: It is a rare kind of malignancy that may be life-threatening.
3. Neuroendocrine tumors: It is an aggressive type of cancer, which may be seen rarely.
4. Transitional cell carcinomas: It is a type of prostate cancer that is of urothelial origin (starting in the urethra, from where urine exits the body) and involves the prostate tissue.
5. Sarcomas: It is a rare type of malignant tumor.
Causes: The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known. Prostate cancer occurs when the cells in the prostate gland develop mutations (changes) in their DNA. These changes cause the growth and multiplication of the abnormal cells. The accumulating abnormal cells lead to the formation of a tumor. The tumor can grow and invade the nearby tissue. These abnormal cells may metastasize (spread) to the other parts of the body.
Risks factors: The following factors may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer:
In the early stages of prostate cancer, no symptoms are normally seen.
In advanced cases of prostate cancer, the following symptoms may be seen:
Prostate screening is the most effective way of diagnosing prostate cancer. The first prostate screening is usually done at the age of 55. The screening is generally stopped after the age of 70 but may have to be continued in some circumstances.
The various screening tests for prostate cancer are:
1. Digital rectal exam: The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland, which is in front of the rectum. The presence of hard areas or bumps could indicate cancer.
2. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test: A protein called PSA is made by the prostate gland. An increase in the levels of PSA could indicate cancer.
3. Biopsy: The doctor removes a sample of the tissue and sends it to the laboratory to check for the presence of cancer cells.
4. Transrectal ultrasound: A small probe is inserted into the rectum. Sound waves are used to create a clear image of the prostate gland.
5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: The doctor may sometimes advise an MRI-guided biopsy. The MRI helps the doctor to get a more detailed image of the prostate gland to help in the removal of the samples of the prostate tissue.
The type of treatment done for prostate cancer depends on the stage of cancer, how fast it is growing, whether it has spread to the other parts of the body, and the overall health of the patient.
1. Active surveillance: The doctor advises scans, screenings, and biopsies every one to three years to monitor the growth of cancer. This is usually done in cases of cancer restricted to the prostate gland, not causing any symptoms, and is growing slowly.
2. Watchful waiting: This is done in the case of frail and old patients. The testing is less frequent than active surveillance and focuses on the management of the symptoms.
3. Internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds are placed within the prostate to kill the cancer cells. This helps in the preservation of the surrounding healthy tissue.
4. External beam radiation therapy: A machine delivers high-powered energy beams directly to the tumor and kills the cancer cells.
5. Chemotherapy: A group of drugs is used to kill the cancer cells in this procedure.
6. Targeted therapy: Certain medications target specific weaknesses of the cancer cells, and help in destroying the cancer cells in this therapy.
7. Androgen deprivation hormone therapy: A therapy to decrease the androgen (male sex hormone) levels that are made in the testis.
8. Focal therapy: This type of treatment includes the treatment of only that area of the prostate which is affected by cancer. It is performed when cancer has not spread to the other parts of the body. The different types of treatments under focal therapy include:
9. Cryotherapy: Use of extreme cold for freezing the cancer cells.
10. Laser ablation: A laser beam is used to kill the cancer cells.
11. Photodynamic therapy: A light-sensitive medicine and a light source are used for killing the cancer cells.
12. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU): Ultrasonic waves are used to heat and remove tissue growth.
13. Prostatectomy: It is a surgical procedure done for the removal of the diseased prostate gland by making small abdominal (stomach) incisions. The different types include:
14. Laparoscopic prostatectomy: Surgical tools are inserted for the removal of the prostate gland by using a laparoscope, which is a lighted instrument with a camera on one end.
15. Robotic radical prostatectomy: The surgeon controls a robotic system of surgical tools from outside the body.
16. Open radical prostatectomy: a larger abdominal incision is made to remove cancer.
The risks of prostate cancer treatment include:
In most cases, prevention of prostate cancer is not possible. However, one can reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer by:
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MBBS | MS(General Surgery) - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
M.B.B.S., M.S. (General Surgery), D.N.B. (General Surgery), MNAMS - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS – General Surgery - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MS, FACS, FICS, FIMSA, FAMS, FRCS (England) - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS – General Surgery - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS - General Surgery, DNB - Surgical Oncology - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS - General Surgery, DNB - Surgical Oncology - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS, FICS, FIAS - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS, FICS, FIAS - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS - General Surgery, DNB - Surgical Oncology - Surgical Oncologist/Cancer Surgeon
Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a small, walnut-shaped gland in men. It produces the seminal fluid that helps in the transportation and nourishment of the sperm, which helps in conceiving and pregnancy.
Types: The different types of prostate cancers depending on the type of cells affected, include-
1. Adenocarcinomas: Almost all types of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. They are generally cancerous (malignant) in nature and start in the cells of the glands that make secretions.
2. Small cell carcinomas: It is a rare kind of malignancy that may be life-threatening.
3. Neuroendocrine tumors: It is an aggressive type of cancer, which may be seen rarely.
4. Transitional cell carcinomas: It is a type of prostate cancer that is of urothelial origin (starting in the urethra, from where urine exits the body) and involves the prostate tissue.
5. Sarcomas: It is a rare type of malignant tumor.
Causes: The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known. Prostate cancer occurs when the cells in the prostate gland develop mutations (changes) in their DNA. These changes cause the growth and multiplication of the abnormal cells. The accumulating abnormal cells lead to the formation of a tumor. The tumor can grow and invade the nearby tissue. These abnormal cells may metastasize (spread) to the other parts of the body.
Risks factors: The following factors may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer:
In the early stages of prostate cancer, no symptoms are normally seen.
In advanced cases of prostate cancer, the following symptoms may be seen:
Prostate screening is the most effective way of diagnosing prostate cancer. The first prostate screening is usually done at the age of 55. The screening is generally stopped after the age of 70 but may have to be continued in some circumstances.
The various screening tests for prostate cancer are:
1. Digital rectal exam: The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland, which is in front of the rectum. The presence of hard areas or bumps could indicate cancer.
2. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test: A protein called PSA is made by the prostate gland. An increase in the levels of PSA could indicate cancer.
3. Biopsy: The doctor removes a sample of the tissue and sends it to the laboratory to check for the presence of cancer cells.
4. Transrectal ultrasound: A small probe is inserted into the rectum. Sound waves are used to create a clear image of the prostate gland.
5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: The doctor may sometimes advise an MRI-guided biopsy. The MRI helps the doctor to get a more detailed image of the prostate gland to help in the removal of the samples of the prostate tissue.
The type of treatment done for prostate cancer depends on the stage of cancer, how fast it is growing, whether it has spread to the other parts of the body, and the overall health of the patient.
1. Active surveillance: The doctor advises scans, screenings, and biopsies every one to three years to monitor the growth of cancer. This is usually done in cases of cancer restricted to the prostate gland, not causing any symptoms, and is growing slowly.
2. Watchful waiting: This is done in the case of frail and old patients. The testing is less frequent than active surveillance and focuses on the management of the symptoms.
3. Internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds are placed within the prostate to kill the cancer cells. This helps in the preservation of the surrounding healthy tissue.
4. External beam radiation therapy: A machine delivers high-powered energy beams directly to the tumor and kills the cancer cells.
5. Chemotherapy: A group of drugs is used to kill the cancer cells in this procedure.
6. Targeted therapy: Certain medications target specific weaknesses of the cancer cells, and help in destroying the cancer cells in this therapy.
7. Androgen deprivation hormone therapy: A therapy to decrease the androgen (male sex hormone) levels that are made in the testis.
8. Focal therapy: This type of treatment includes the treatment of only that area of the prostate which is affected by cancer. It is performed when cancer has not spread to the other parts of the body. The different types of treatments under focal therapy include:
9. Cryotherapy: Use of extreme cold for freezing the cancer cells.
10. Laser ablation: A laser beam is used to kill the cancer cells.
11. Photodynamic therapy: A light-sensitive medicine and a light source are used for killing the cancer cells.
12. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU): Ultrasonic waves are used to heat and remove tissue growth.
13. Prostatectomy: It is a surgical procedure done for the removal of the diseased prostate gland by making small abdominal (stomach) incisions. The different types include:
14. Laparoscopic prostatectomy: Surgical tools are inserted for the removal of the prostate gland by using a laparoscope, which is a lighted instrument with a camera on one end.
15. Robotic radical prostatectomy: The surgeon controls a robotic system of surgical tools from outside the body.
16. Open radical prostatectomy: a larger abdominal incision is made to remove cancer.
The risks of prostate cancer treatment include:
In most cases, prevention of prostate cancer is not possible. However, one can reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer by:
Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a small gland that is a part of the reproductive system of a man.
Prostate gland is a walnut-shaped gland that is a part of the male reproductive system. The prostate gland makes a fluid that mixes with the semen during sperm ejaculation. This fluid protects the sperm to stay healthy for conception and pregnancy.
Prostate cancer is a common type of cancer and is only second to skin cancer as the most common type of cancer affecting men. It occurs in one out of nine men
The different types of prostate cancer are:
1. Adenocarcinomas: Almost all prostate cancers are of this type. These are cancerous (malignant) in nature and start in the cells of the gland that make the secretions.
2. Small cell carcinomas: It is a rare type of aggressive, malignant prostate cancer.
3. Neuroendocrine tumors: It is an aggressive variant of prostate cancer.
4. Transitional cell carcinomas: It is a cancer of urothelial (cells called transitional of urothelial cells) origin with a pathology involving the tissue of the prostate gland.
5. Sarcomas: It is a rare form of cancer that is usually malignant and has a poor prognosis.
>The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known. However, it is thought to occur in the following condition:
Prostate cancer starts when the cells in the prostate gland develop mutations (changes) in their DNA.
>This causes the growth and development of abnormal cells. These abnormal cells accumulate to form a tumor.
>The tumor may sometimes spread (metastasize) to the other parts of the body.
Certain factors increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. These factors include:
In the early stages of prostate cancer, no symptoms may be seen. The following symptoms may be seen in the advanced stages of prostate cancer:
The doctors that can diagnose and treat prostate cancer are:
Prostate cancer screenings are the most effective in diagnosing prostate cancer in the early stages. The first prostate screening is generally done at the age of 55. However, the screening test may be done earlier in the case of black men, or a family history of prostate cancer. Screening is usually discontinued after 70 years of age, however, it may be continued in certain conditions.
The various screening tests for prostate cancer are:
1. Digital rectal exam: The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloves finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland, which sits in front of the rectum. Any hard areas or bumps could be indicative of cancer.
2. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test: A specific type of protein known as protein-specific antigen (PSA) is made by the prostate gland. An increase in the PSA levels can indicate cancer.
3. Biopsy: The doctor excuses (cuts) a small part of the tissue and sends it to the laboratory to check for the presence of cancer cells. This is the most accurate method of diagnosing prostate cancer.
4. Transrectal ultrasound: During this procedure, a small probe is inserted into the rectum. Sound waves are used by the probe to obtain a clear image of the prostate gland.
5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: A strong magnet, radio waves, and a computer are used to obtain a clear image of the prostate gland. Sometimes, the doctor may perform an MRI-guided biopsy for the accurate removal of prostate tissue samples.
Prostate cancer can be graded using the Gleason score.
This score combines two numbers and can range from 2, which is non-aggressive cancer, to 10, which is an extremely aggressive cancer.
In some cases, treatment may never be needed since the growth of cancer may be very slow and it does not spread to the other parts of the body:
1. Active surveillance:
The doctor conducts regular scans, screenings, and biopsies every one to three years for monitoring the growth of cancer.
This procedure works best when cancer is restricted to the prostate, is slow-growing, and asymptomatic.
2. Watchful waiting:
This approach is used in older patients. The testing is less frequent as compared to active surveillance.
It does not involve definitive treatment, but only treats the symptoms associated with the condition.
3. Brachytherapy:
It is a type of internal radiation therapy.
It involves the placement of radioactive seeds within the prostate gland.
This method helps in the preservation of the surrounding healthy tissue.
4. External beam radiation therapy:
This procedure involves the use of a machine that delivers high-powered energy beams directly to the tumor.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy is a type of external beam radiation therapy that supplies powerful radiation doses to the diseased site.
5. Chemotherapy:
This procedure involves the use of drugs to kill the cancer cells.
This therapy is usually recommended when cancer has spread outside the prostate gland.
6. Immunotherapy:
This therapy boosts the immune (disease-fighting) system to fight cancer cells.
7. Androgen deprivation hormone therapy:
This therapy involves the use of medications or surgery to lower the androgen (male sex hormone) levels that are made in the testis.
8. Focal therapy:
This is a new form of treatment that focuses on only that area of the prostate gland that is affected by cancer.
The different procedures that come under focal therapy include cryotherapy (use of extreme cold to freeze the cancer cells), laser ablation (a laser beam is used to irradiating the tumor), photodynamic therapy (a light-sensitive medicine and a light source are used for destroying the cancer cells), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (non-invasive therapy that uses ultrasonic waves to heat and removes the tissue growth).
9. Prostatectomy:
It is a surgical procedure for the removal of the diseased prostate gland.
The surgeon can perform this procedure in two ways- laparoscopic prostatectomy (surgical tools are inserted for the removal of the prostate gland by using a laparoscope, which is a lighted instrument with a camera) and robotic radical prostatectomy (the surgeon controls a robotic system of surgical tools from outside the body) by making small abdominal (stomach) incisions.
These procedures are less invasive as compared to an open radical prostatectomy, in which a larger abdominal incision is made to remove cancer.
Prostate cancer treatment can have the following risks:
Erectile dysfunction
Urinary incontinence (loss of bladder control causing urine leakage while coughing, sneezing, or laughing)
Infertility
Prostate cancer can be prevented by the following methods:
The cost of prostate cancer treatment in India varies across different cities and hospitals.
| CITY | COST |
| Cost of Prostate Cancer Treatment in Mumbai | INR 150000- INR 400000 |
| Cost of Prostate Cancer Treatment in Banglore | INR 130000- INR 370000 |
| Cost of Prostate Cancer Treatment in Delhi | INR 130000- INR 370000 |
| Cost of Prostate Cancer Treatment in Chennai | INR 120000- INR 350000 |